Batterie al Litio e Li-Ion: pericoli in caso di surriscaldamento


F

FLRprt

Socio AIAC 2025
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Mi ero ripromesso di non postare più sul forum. Faccio una eccezione, in considerazione dell'importanza dell'argomento -anche fuori dall'ambito aeronautico- e visto che ormai questo tipo di batterie è diventato di uso comune.
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The risks of lithium batteries in aircraft cargo


By Simon Hradecky, created Friday, Oct 8th 2010 17:57Z, last updated Friday, Oct 8th 2010 18:11Z

The FAA have released their Safety Alert for Operators (SAFO) 10017 reporting the risks, that are involved while carrying lithium batteries in aircraft cargo.

The FAA reports, that lithium metal batteries are highly flammable and capable of ignition. Ignition can occur when batteries are being overcharged, short circuits, is exposed to heat, is being mishandled or is otherwise defective. Once a cell is induced into thermal runaway by internal failure or external means (like heating or physical damage), it generates sufficient heat to cause adjacent cell into thermal runway, too. The thermal runaway of a lithium metal cell creates an even more severe event than the thermal runaway of a lithium-ion cell because the lithium metall cell releases a flammable electrolyte mixed with molten lithium metal accompanied by a large pressure pulse. The combination of electrolyte and molten lithium metal can result in an explosive mixture.

On top of that the current fire suppression agent Halon 1301 found in class C cargo compartments is inefficient in controlling a lithium metal cell fire.

The explosive potential of the lithium metal cell can perforate the cargo liners or activate the pressure relief panels in a cargo compartment causing the loss of Halon 1301 allowing a rapid fire spread within the cargo compartment.

While Halon 1301 has been proven to be effective to suppress fires generated by lithium-ion batteries, it does not eliminate the risk of transporting such batteries.

Currently there is no container available that would be able to withstand the known effects of lithium battery fires. Common metal shipping containers, pails and drums are not designed to contain such effects.

For these reasons lithium metal cells are prohibited to be carried as bulk cargo shipments on passenger carrying aircraft.

The FAA added, that the cargo of the UPS Boeing 747 crashed in Dubai on September 3rd - see Crash: UPS B744 at Dubai on Sep 3rd 2010, fire in cockpit - contained a large quantity of lithium batteries. Although the investigation into the crash is underway and the cause of the crash has not yet been determined, the FAA thinks it is prudent to inform operators about these facts.

The FAA had released another SAFO in July 2009 regarding possible lithium battery fires in laptop computers and how to fight those fires including video material demonstrating fighting such fires, see How to fight fires caused by Lithium batteries in portable electronic devices.


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Di seguito il secondo intervento
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How to fight fires caused by Lithium batteries in portable electronic devices


By Simon Hradecky, created Saturday, Jul 4th 2009 09:07Z, last updated Saturday, Jul 4th 2009 09:07Z

The FAA have released a Safety Alert for Operators (SAFO) recommending procedures of how to fight fires that can be caused by Lithum (non-rechargeable) and Lithium-Ion (rechargeable) batteries. Both types are capable of ignition and subsequent explosion due to overheating. Overheating the batteries results in a thermal runaway, which can cause the release of either molten burning Lithium or flammable electrolyte. Once one cell goes into a thermal runway, it produces enough heat to cause adjacent cells go into thermal runaway, too. The resulting fire can flare repeatedly as each cell ruptures and releases its contents.

The FAA therefore recommends a two step approach:

1) Extinguish the fire by utilizing a Halon, Halon replacement or water extinguisher and prevent the spread of the fire to other flammable materials.

2) Cool the remaining cells to prevent them from going into a thermal runaway by dousing the device with water or other non-alcoholic liquids.

Do not use ice to cool the device, as the ice would rather insulate the device and assist the thermal runaway. Do not cover the device, which would again insulate the device assisting thermal runaway.

Do not pick up or move a smoking or burning device, bodily injury can be the result.

The FAA have released a training video (84MB) about laptop battery fires and effective techniques to fight Lithium type battery fires.

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La questione delle batterie al litio è in realtà contemplata da ICAO e dal IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations Manual, anche qualora queste fossero trasportate dai passeggeri o dagli equipaggi. Come merce, hanno apposita etichetta di classe 9 (miscellaneous) più - dal 2009 - l' etichetta specifica delle batterie al litio, mentre se trasportate dai passeggeri o dall'equipaggio, c'è il distinguo fra batterie con un rateo watt/ora superiore a 100 (es. batterie di videocamere di una certa dimensione, tipo quelle delle troupe televisive), oppure le piccole batterie per macchine fotografiche digitali e similari.
 
Sempre da avherald.com
Incident: Air China A333 enroute on May 25th 2011, passenger camera battery catches fire


By Simon Hradecky, created Saturday, May 28th 2011 13:22Z, last updated Saturday, May 28th 2011 13:30Z

An Air China Airbus A330-300, flight CA-1549 from Beijing to Shanghai (China), was enroute when cabin crew smelled smoke, located the source in an overhead locker and found a passenger's camera had caught fire due to thermal runaway of its Lithium battery. The cabin crew were able to contain the fire, cool the batteries down and thus stop the thermal runaway and resulting fire. The aircraft continued to Shanghai for a safe landing. No injuries were reported.

The airline said, the spontaneous fire resulted in about 20cm high flames. The flight and aircraft remained unaffected, the flight continued to destination.

Passengers reported the cabin crew carried the burning camera to a lavatory, other cabin crew rushed for fire extinguishers, and put the fire out in the lavatory.

The FAA had released a Safety Alert for Operators including video material showing how to fight such fires in November 2009, see How to fight fires caused by Lithium batteries in portable electronic devices.
 
Sempre da avherald:
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Incident: REX SF34 near Sydney on Nov 25th 2011, smartphone battery runaway
By Simon Hradecky, created Sunday, Nov 27th 2011 17:28Z, last updated Wednesday, Nov 30th 2011 13:46Z

A REX Regional Express Saab 340B, registration VH-PRX performing flight ZUL-319 from Lismore,NS to Sydney,NS (Australia), was on approach to Sydney when a passenger's iPhone started to emit smoke followed by red glow. The flight attendant managed to cool the iPhone down and stop glow and smoke. The aircraft continued for a safe landing in Sydney.
The ATSB have initiated an investigation.
A passenger reported that the flight attendant became aware of the owner of the iPhone becoming agitated while on approach to Sydney. After touchdown the iPhone was thrown onto the floor where the flight attendant then cooled the smartphone down and stopped the glow and smoke.
The airline reported that the iPhone self combusted after landing emitting a significant amount of dense smoke accompanied by a red glow, the flight attendant carried out recovery actions.
The ATSB reported on Nov 30th that after landing the flight attendant used a fire extinguisher to cool the phone down, passengers and crew disembarked safely. There are no records of any self-ignitions of smartphones or other portable devices within Australia, given the widespread carriage and use of such technology the ATSB is however keen to fully understand the nature of this event.
In the meantime, the ATSB stressed, "this event reinforces the importance of the prohibition of carriage of lithium batteries in checked baggage and the benefits of being able to respond quickly and effectively in the rare event that a problem is encountered in the aircraft cabin."
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La frase importante è l'ultima: questo evento pone in evidenza l'importanza del divieto di trasporto di batterie al litio nel bagaglio di stiva. Ormai tutti i dispositivi elettronici dell'ultlma generazione utilizzano questo tipo di batteria. E la problematica del trasporto delle batterie vale anche quando seppelliamo una batteria sotto il resto del bagaglio nella nostra automobile.
 
Ultima modifica:
mah...il 90% delle merci che si trasportano hanno batterie al litio, che si fa, si interrompono i commerci??
 
Mah. Fino ad oggi un incidente aereo (il 74F UPS di Dubai) è stato provocato da un incendio originato dalle batterie al litio trasportate; e si sospetta che l'incendio a bordo del 744 cargo di Asiana caduto a sud della Corea sia stato originato sempre dalle batterie al litio. Questo tipo di batterie è piuttosto delicato, e se danneggiato (urti o schiacciamenti che compromettano l'integrità dei componenti interni) o stoccato/maneggiato a temperature inadeguate diventa pericoloso: esiste più che sufficiente documentazione in merito ed i requisiti di temperatura sono più stringenti di altri tipo di batterie. Nel trasporto aereo le batterie al litio sono già considerate merce pericolosa; non riesco a trovare documentazione sulle altre modalità di trasporto. E sulla pericolosità di un incendio in una galleria stradale o ferroviaria dopo i casi dei trafori del Monte Bianco e del San Gottardo (strada) od il tunnel del Sampione (ferrovia) mi sembra che ci sia poco da dire. Negli anni passati ci sono stati casi di richiami in massa delle batterie di computer (Dell ed Apple) proprio per surriscaldamento ed innesco di incendi. E quello che mi spaventa in questa circostanza è che si trattava della batteria di un cellulare, neanche quella di un notebook che è ben più grande.
Le batterie agli idruri di nichel o quelle al piombo sono meno critiche, ma le batterie al litio offrono una densità di energia nettamente superiore: a parità di energia si costruisce una batteria più piccola. Del resto basta paragonare le batterie di un Motorola Star Tac con quelle di un qualsiasi cellulare dell'ultima generazione per arrivare al punto. Le batterie al litio per autotrazione utilizzano una tecnologia diversa di costruzione degli elettrodi e la membrana di separazione -che è il componenete più critico- è più spessa. Il risultato però è che la densità di energia è minore, ed il tipo di costruzione non si presta alla miniaturizzazione spinta.
Abbiamo una tecnologia, che ha aspetti di pericolosità: qual'è il bilancio costi/benefici? Quando i costi superano i benefici non resta altra scelta che bloccare quella tecnologia se non riusciamo a modificarla per renderla più sicura.
 
ronald Mc donald ha detto:
la cosa strana è che dhl non mi trasporta batterie a litio,mentre se utilizzo un forwarder che noleggia spazio in stiva,allora me le trasporta
Clicca per espandere...

Non e' strano. Non tutti possono (o vogliono poter) trasportare Dangerous Goods. DHL ad esempio non lo fa ma l'associata DHL Global Forwarding (DGF) si.
 
Da Aviation Herald
Incident: Pinnacle CRJ2 near Traverse City on Apr 17th 2012, Lithium battery causes smoke in cabin and medical emergency
By Simon Hradecky, created Tuesday, Apr 17th 2012 19:52Z, last updated Wednesday, Apr 18th 2012 15:24Z
A Pinnacle Airlines Canadair CRJ-200 on behalf of Delta Airlines, registration N8980A performing flight 9E-4290/DL-4290 from Toronto,ON (Canada) to Minneapolis,MN (USA) with 44 passengers, was enroute at FL280 about 80nm east of Traverse City,MI (USA) when a Lithium battery powering a device on a passenger's chest caught fire. While cabin crew extinguished the fire and provided first aid to the passenger, the flight crew diverted the aircraft to Traverse City for a safe landing about 20 minutes later. Medical services took care of the second degree burn of about a dime's size on the patient's chest.
The aircraft was cleared to continue the journey and is currently estimated to reach Minneapolis with a delay of 3:45 hours.
A passenger twittered a lithium battery exploded on the chest of a fellow passenger causing the emergency landing.
The airport reported a lithium battery on a passengers chest caught fire and caused a second degree burn of about a dime's size on his chest. The passenger was able to continue the flight.
The FAA reported on Apr 18th a battery pack caught fire prompting the crew to declare emergency because of smoke in the cabin and divert to Traverse City. The crew extinguished the fire, one person received an unknown injury.
Non viene detto quale fosse l'apparato alimentato dalla batteria. A lume di naso, non credo che possa trattarsi di un dispositivo elettromedicale.
 
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